PHP 8.3.0 RC 6 available for testing

imagecopy

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

imagecopy拷贝图像的一部分

说明

imagecopy(
    GdImage $dst_image,
    GdImage $src_image,
    int $dst_x,
    int $dst_y,
    int $src_x,
    int $src_y,
    int $src_width,
    int $src_height
): bool

从 x、y 坐标 src_xsrc_y 开始,将 src_image 的一部分复制到 dst_image 上,宽度为 src_width,高度为 src_height。定义的部分将被复制到 x,y 坐标 dst_xdst_y 上。

参数

dst_image

目标图象资源。

src_image

源图象资源。

dst_x

目标点的 x 坐标。

dst_y

目标点的 y 坐标。

src_x

源点的 x 坐标。

src_y

源点的 y 坐标。

src_width

源图象的宽度。

src_height

源图象的高度。

返回值

成功时返回 true, 或者在失败时返回 false

更新日志

版本 说明
8.0.0 dst_imagesrc_image 现在需要 GdImage 实例;之前需要 resource

示例

示例 #1 裁剪 PHP.net logo

<?php
// Create image instances
$src = imagecreatefromgif('php.gif');
$dest = imagecreatetruecolor(80, 40);

// Copy
imagecopy($dest, $src, 0, 0, 20, 13, 80, 40);

// Output and free from memory
header('Content-Type: image/gif');
imagegif($dest);

imagedestroy($dest);
imagedestroy($src);
?>

以上示例的输出类似于:

示例输出:裁剪 PHP.net logo

参见

add a note

User Contributed Notes 16 notes

up
6
john at mccarthy dot net
16 years ago
Here is an upgrade of that cool wave function: Double the size of the image, wave it, then resample it down again. This makes even nicer, anti aliased waves.

// So easy and nice!
function wave_region($img, $x, $y, $width, $height,$amplitude = 4.5,$period = 30)
{
// Make a copy of the image twice the size
$mult = 2;
$img2 = imagecreatetruecolor($width * $mult, $height * $mult);
imagecopyresampled ($img2,$img,0,0,$x,$y,$width * $mult,$height * $mult,$width, $height);

// Wave it
for ($i = 0;$i < ($width * $mult);$i += 2)
{
imagecopy($img2,$img2,
$x + $i - 2,$y + sin($i / $period) * $amplitude, // dest
$x + $i,$y, // src
2,($height * $mult));
}

// Resample it down again
imagecopyresampled ($img,$img2,$x,$y,0,0,$width, $height,$width * $mult,$height * $mult);
imagedestroy($img2);
}

To use it in a full image:
wave_region ($oImage,0,0,imagesx($oImage),imagesy($oImage));
up
4
Jeff
16 years ago
I came across the problem of having a page where any image could be uploaded, then I would need to work with it as a true color image with transparency. The problem came with palette images with transparency (e.g. GIF images), the transparent parts changed to black (no matter what color was actually representing transparent) when I used imagecopy to convert the image to true color.

To convert an image to true color with the transparency as well, the following code works (assuming $img is your image resource):

<?php
//Convert $img to truecolor
$w = imagesx($img);
$h = imagesy($img);
if (!
imageistruecolor($img)) {
$original_transparency = imagecolortransparent($img);
//we have a transparent color
if ($original_transparency >= 0) {
//get the actual transparent color
$rgb = imagecolorsforindex($img, $original_transparency);
$original_transparency = ($rgb['red'] << 16) | ($rgb['green'] << 8) | $rgb['blue'];
//change the transparent color to black, since transparent goes to black anyways (no way to remove transparency in GIF)
imagecolortransparent($img, imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 0, 0));
}
//create truecolor image and transfer
$truecolor = imagecreatetruecolor($w, $h);
imagealphablending($img, false);
imagesavealpha($img, true);
imagecopy($truecolor, $img, 0, 0, 0, 0, $w, $h);
imagedestroy($img);
$img = $truecolor;
//remake transparency (if there was transparency)
if ($original_transparency >= 0) {
imagealphablending($img, false);
imagesavealpha($img, true);
for (
$x = 0; $x < $w; $x++)
for (
$y = 0; $y < $h; $y++)
if (
imagecolorat($img, $x, $y) == $original_transparency)
imagesetpixel($img, $x, $y, 127 << 24);
}
}
?>

And now $img is a true color image resource
up
5
webmaster at plumage dot nl
14 years ago
I have a few remarks om the mirror-function:
The cases horizontal and vertical are switched.
1 = vertical and 2 = horizontal.
When I used it there appeared a black lining of 1 pixel on the side or on the top of the picture.
To remove it the function becomes as follows:

<?php
function ImageFlip ( $imgsrc, $mode )
{

$width = imagesx ( $imgsrc );
$height = imagesy ( $imgsrc );

$src_x = 0;
$src_y = 0;
$src_width = $width;
$src_height = $height;

switch (
$mode )
{

case
'1': //vertical
$src_y = $height -1;
$src_height = -$height;
break;

case
'2': //horizontal
$src_x = $width -1;
$src_width = -$width;
break;

case
'3': //both
$src_x = $width -1;
$src_y = $height -1;
$src_width = -$width;
$src_height = -$height;
break;

default:
return
$imgsrc;

}

$imgdest = imagecreatetruecolor ( $width, $height );

if (
imagecopyresampled ( $imgdest, $imgsrc, 0, 0, $src_x, $src_y , $width, $height, $src_width, $src_height ) )
{
return
$imgdest;
}

return
$imgsrc;

}
?>
up
2
ragnar_40k at hotmail dot com
17 years ago
Here a function to make holes into images:

// Set the alpha channel for a part of an image (it ignores the canvas alpha atm).
// $img_canvas - 32-bit true color image w/ alpha channel
// $img_mask - 8-bit gray scale image (white parts will be masked transparent in the canvas).
// This relies on the current pixel format:
// (high byte) -> (alpha channel} {red} {green} {blue} <- (low byte)
function mask($img_canvas, $img_mask, $dst_x, $dst_y)
{
$old_blendmode = imagealphablending($img_canvas, FALSE);

$width = imagesx($img_mask);
$heigth = imagesy($img_mask);

$mask_x = 0;
$x = $dst_y;
while ($mask_x<$width)
{
$mask_y = 0;
$y = $dst_y;
while ($mask_y<$heigth)
{
imagesetpixel($img_canvas, $x, $y,
((imagecolorat($img_mask, $mask_x, $mask_y) >> 1) << 24) | (imagecolorat($img_canvas, $x, $y) & 0x00FFFFFF));

++$mask_y;
++$y;
}
++$mask_x;
++$x;
}

imagealphablending($img_canvas, $old_blendmode);
}
up
2
johnny at netvor dot sk
18 years ago
simple image combination srcipt, ie. if u want to create one huuuge signature from more small ones

<?php
// config --
$src = array ("http://www.google.com/images/logo_sm.gif", "http://sk2.php.net/images/php.gif");
$under = 0; // combine images underneath or not?
// -- end of config

$imgBuf = array ();
$maxW=0; $maxH=0;
foreach (
$src as $link)
{
switch(
substr ($link,strrpos ($link,".")+1))
{
case
'png':
$iTmp = imagecreatefrompng($link);
break;
case
'gif':
$iTmp = imagecreatefromgif($link);
break;
case
'jpeg':
case
'jpg':
$iTmp = imagecreatefromjpeg($link);
break;
}

if (
$under)
{
$maxW=(imagesx($iTmp)>$maxW)?imagesx($iTmp):$maxW;
$maxH+=imagesy($iTmp);
}
else
{
$maxW+=imagesx($iTmp);
$maxH=(imagesy($iTmp)>$maxH)?imagesy($iTmp):$maxH;
}

array_push ($imgBuf,$iTmp);
}

$iOut = imagecreate ($maxW,$maxH) ;

$pos=0;
foreach (
$imgBuf as $img)
{
if (
$under)
imagecopy ($iOut,$img,0,$pos,0,0,imagesx($img),imagesy($img));
else
imagecopy ($iOut,$img,$pos,0,0,0,imagesx($img),imagesy($img));
$pos+= $under ? imagesy($img) : imagesx($img);
imagedestroy ($img);
}

imagegif($iOut);
?>
up
5
petr dot biza at gmail dot com
13 years ago
There is function to crop blank edges from image.

<?php
/**
* $image image cursor (from imagecreatetruecolor)
* $backgound image curosr (from imagecolorallocate)
* $paddng int
*/
function imageCrop($image, $background = false, $padding = 0) {
if(
$background)
$background = imagecolorallocate($image, 255, 255, 255);

$top = imageSY($image);
$left = imageSX($image);
$bottom = 0;
$right = 0;

for (
$x = 0 ; $x < imagesx($image) ; $x++) {
for (
$y = 0 ; $y < imagesy($image) ; $y++) {

// if there match
if(imagecolorat($image, $x, $y) != $background) {

if(
$x < $left)
$left = $x;
if(
$x > $right)
$right = $x;
if(
$y > $bottom)
$bottom = $y;
if(
$y < $top)
$top = $y;
}
}
}

$right++;
$bottom++;

// create new image with padding
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($right-$left+$padding*2,$bottom-$top+$padding*2);
// fill the background
imagefill($img, 0, 0, $background);
// copy
imagecopy($img, $image, $padding, $padding, $left, $top, $right-$left, $bottom-$top);

// destroy old image cursor
imagedestroy($image);
return
$img;
}
?>
up
4
xafford
15 years ago
concerning the previous post of Borszczuk and the function to mirror images:

There´s a way better (and faster) method for this task with imagecopyresampled.

<?php

define
( 'IMAGE_FLIP_HORIZONTAL', 1 );
define ( 'IMAGE_FLIP_VERTICAL', 2 );
define ( 'IMAGE_FLIP_BOTH', 3 );

function
ImageFlip ( $imgsrc, $mode )
{

$width = imagesx ( $imgsrc );
$height = imagesy ( $imgsrc );

$src_x = 0;
$src_y = 0;
$src_width = $width;
$src_height = $height;

switch ( (int)
$mode )
{

case
IMAGE_FLIP_HORIZONTAL:
$src_y = $height;
$src_height = -$height;
break;

case
IMAGE_FLIP_VERTICAL:
$src_x = $width;
$src_width = -$width;
break;

case
IMAGE_FLIP_BOTH:
$src_x = $width;
$src_y = $height;
$src_width = -$width;
$src_height = -$height;
break;

default:
return
$imgsrc;

}

$imgdest = imagecreatetruecolor ( $width, $height );

if (
imagecopyresampled ( $imgdest, $imgsrc, 0, 0, $src_x, $src_y, $width, $height, $src_width, $src_height ) )
{
return
$imgdest;
}

return
$imgsrc;

}

?>
up
2
Chad Allard
14 years ago
Regarding the image_flip function discussed in the notes here, don't forget to support transparency.

AFTER:

$imgdest = imagecreatetruecolor($width, $height);

ADD:

imagealphablending($imgdest, false);
imagesavealpha($imgdest, true);

In another post here it mentioned you didn't have to use the imagesavealpha function, but I found without it the background transparency can turn the background canvas black.
up
1
C. Jansen
17 years ago
While replying to a post in a support forum I noticed something odd about imagecopy(). The first snippet (should) create an image object, allocate a colour resource within that image, fill the background with the allocated colour and then copy another, cropped to fit, image onto it.

<?php
// create a new image resource
$temp = imagecreatetruecolor( $width, $height );
$white = imagecolorallocate( $temp, 255, 255, 255 );

//fill the background with white
imagefill( $temp, 0, 0, $white );

//copy the image into new a resource
imagecopy($temp, $this->Image, 0, 0, $crop_top, $crop_left, $width, $height);
?>

But this produces a black background. I noticed taking away the imagefill() call yields the same results. The solution was to call imagefill() after the imagecopy(). Thinking linearly I would have guessed this to cover the previously copied image in white but it doesn't. I guess GD uses a layer system? Is this correct?

<?php
// create a new image resource
$temp = imagecreatetruecolor( $width, $height );
$white = imagecolorallocate( $temp, 255, 255, 255 );

// copy image into new resource
imagecopy( $temp, $this->Image, 0, 0, $crop_top, $crop_left, $width, $height );

//fill the background with white (not sure why it has to be in this order)
imagefill( $temp, 0, 0, $white );
?>

I am using php 5.1.4 with the bundled GD (2.0.28)
up
1
latin4567 at gmail dot com
14 years ago
I have created a PHP function which performs the standard 9-Slice scaling technique. This is extremely useful for thumbnail shadow scaling, and anything involving skinning. Feel free to pick apart and use

Note: instead of specifying margins, my 9-slicing routine uses a centered-rectangle concept... as input you provide the image (as a resource), the x and y coords of the rectangle, and the width and height of the rectangle.

The $src_im parameter should be an image resource. This script was written for 9-slicing translucent PNG images, and has only been tested with translucent PNG images, however it should work with other image types (possibly requiring some modification)

so if your source image was 400 x 400, you needed a 24 pixel margin on all sides, and your target size was 800 x 500, you would use the following parameters:

<?php
$im
= NineSlice($im, 24, 24, 352, 352, 800, 500)
?>

<?php
/* 9-Slice Image Slicing Script by Sam Kelly (DuroSoft: http://www.durosoft.com) */
function NineSlice($src_im, $rect_x, $rect_y, $rect_w, $rect_h, $target_w, $target_h)
{
$src_w = imagesx($src_im);
$src_h = imagesy($src_im);

$im = CreateBlankPNG($target_w, $target_h);
imagealphablending($im,true);

$left_w = $rect_x;
$right_w = $src_w - ($rect_x + $rect_w);

$left_src_y = ceil($rect_h / 2) - 1 + $rect_y;
$right_src_y = $left_src_y;

$left_src_x = 0;
$right_src_x = $left_w + $rect_w;

$top_src_x = ceil($rect_w / 2) - 1 + $rect_x;
$bottom_src_x = $top_src_x;
$bottom_src_y = $rect_y + $rect_h;
$bottom_h = $src_h - $bottom_src_y;

$left_tile = CreateBlankPNG($left_w, 1);
imagecopy($left_tile, $src_im, 0, 0, 0, $left_src_y, $left_w, 1);

$right_tile = CreateBlankPNG($right_w, 1);
imagecopy($right_tile, $src_im, 0, 0, $right_src_x, $right_src_y, $right_w, 1);

$top_tile = CreateBlankPNG(1, $rect_y);
imagecopy($top_tile, $src_im, 0, 0, $top_src_x, 0, 1, $rect_y);

$bottom_tile = CreateBlankPNG(1, $bottom_h);
imagecopy($bottom_tile, $src_im, 0, 0, $bottom_src_x, $bottom_src_y, 1, $bottom_h);

$inner_tile = CreateBlankPNG(4, 4);
imagecopy($inner_tile, $src_im, 0, 0, ceil($src_w / 2) - 1, ceil($src_h / 2) - 1, 4, 4);

imagecopy($im, $src_im, 0, 0, 0, 0, $left_w, $rect_y);
imagecopy($im, $src_im, 0, $target_h - $bottom_h, 0, $bottom_src_y, $rect_x, $bottom_h);
imagecopy($im, $src_im, $target_w - $right_w, 0, $right_src_x, 0, $right_w, $rect_y);
imagecopy($im, $src_im, $target_w - $right_w, $target_h - $bottom_h, $src_w - $right_w, $bottom_src_y, $right_w, $bottom_h);

imagesettile($im, $top_tile);
imagefilledrectangle($im, $left_w, 0, $target_w - $right_w - 1, $rect_y, IMG_COLOR_TILED);

imagesettile($im, $left_tile);
imagefilledrectangle($im, 0, $rect_y, $left_w, $target_h - $bottom_h - 1, IMG_COLOR_TILED);


$right_side = CreateBlankPNG($right_w, $target_h - $rect_y - $bottom_h);
imagesettile($right_side, $right_tile);
imagefilledrectangle($right_side, 0, 0, $right_w, $target_h - $rect_y - $bottom_h, IMG_COLOR_TILED);
imagecopy($im, $right_side, $target_w - $right_w, $rect_y, 0, 0, $right_w, $target_h - $rect_y - $bottom_h);

$bottom_side = CreateBlankPNG($target_w - $right_w - $left_w, $bottom_h);
imagesettile($bottom_side, $bottom_tile);
imagefilledrectangle($bottom_side, 0, 0, $target_w - $right_w - $left_w, $bottom_h, IMG_COLOR_TILED);
imagecopy($im, $bottom_side, $right_w, $target_h - $bottom_h, 0, 0, $target_w - $right_w - $left_w, $bottom_h);

imagedestroy($left_tile);
imagedestroy($right_tile);
imagedestroy($top_tile);
imagedestroy($bottom_tile);
imagedestroy($inner_tile);
imagedestroy($right_side);
imagedestroy($bottom_side);

return
$im;
}

function
CreateBlankPNG($w, $h)
{
$im = imagecreatetruecolor($w, $h);
imagesavealpha($im, true);
$transparent = imagecolorallocatealpha($im, 0, 0, 0, 127);
imagefill($im, 0, 0, $transparent);
return
$im;
}
?>
up
1
John Conde
14 years ago
Simple and basic image cropping:

<?php
// Original image
$filename = 'someimage.jpg';

// Get dimensions of the original image
list($current_width, $current_height) = getimagesize($filename);

// The x and y coordinates on the original image where we
// will begin cropping the image
$left = 50;
$top = 50;

// This will be the final size of the image (e.g. how many pixels
// left and down we will be going)
$crop_width = 200;
$crop_height = 200;

// Resample the image
$canvas = imagecreatetruecolor($crop_width, $crop_height);
$current_image = imagecreatefromjpeg($filename);
imagecopy($canvas, $current_image, 0, 0, $left, $top, $current_width, $current_height);
imagejpeg($canvas, $filename, 100);
?>
up
0
etienne at escott dot info
14 years ago
This is based on the Skew function from designerkamal at gmail dot com.

This is a function for skewing images in PHP with anti-aliasing. It works with alpha PNG images.

Warning: the bigger the image you skew, the longer it will take to process. It's about 3 times longer than without anti-aliasing.

<?php
// $img: handle of an image
// $skew_val: level of skew to apply (0 being none, 1 being 45°)
function imageskewantialiased($img, $skew_val)
{
$width = imagesx($img);
$height = imagesy($img);
$height2 = $height + ($width * $skew_val);

// See below for definition of imagecreatealpha
$imgdest = imagecreatealpha($width, $height2);

// Process the image
for($x = 0, $level = 0; $x < $width - 1; $x++)
{
$floor = floor($level);

// To go faster, some lines are being copied at once
if ($level == $floor)
imagecopy($imgdest, $img, $x, $level, $x, 0, 1, $height - 1);
else
{
$temp = $level - $floor;

// The first pixel of the line
// We get the color then apply a fade on it depending on the level
$color1 = imagecolorsforindex($img, imagecolorat($img, $x, 0));
$alpha = $color1['alpha'] + ($temp * 127);
if (
$alpha < 127)
{
$color = imagecolorallocatealpha($imgdest, $color1['red'], $color1['green'], $color1['blue'], $alpha);
imagesetpixel($imgdest, $x, $floor, $color);
}

// The rest of the line
for($y = 1; $y < $height - 1; $y++)
{
// Merge this pixel and the upper one
$color2 = imagecolorsforindex($img, imagecolorat($img, $x, $y));
$alpha = ($color1['alpha'] * $temp) + ($color2['alpha'] * (1 - $temp));
if (
$alpha < 127)
{
$red = ($color1['red'] * $temp) + ($color2['red'] * (1 - $temp));
$green = ($color1['green'] * $temp) + ($color2['green'] * (1 - $temp));
$blue = ($color1['blue'] * $temp) + ($color2['blue'] * (1 - $temp));
$color = imagecolorallocatealpha($imgdest, $red, $green, $blue, $alpha);
imagesetpixel($imgdest, $x, $floor + $y, $color);
}

$color1 = $color2;
}

// The last pixel of the line
$color1 = imagecolorsforindex($img, imagecolorat($img, $x, $height - 1));
$alpha = $color1['alpha'] + ((1 - $temp) * 127);
if (
$alpha < 127)
{
$color = imagecolorallocatealpha($imgdest, $color1['red'], $color1['green'], $color1['blue'], $alpha);
imagesetpixel($imgdest, $x, $floor + $height - 1, $color);
}
}

// The line is finished, the next line will be lower
$level += $skew_val;
}

// Finished processing, return the skewed image
return $imgdest;
}

// Creates a new image of the size specified with a blank background (transparent)
function imagecreatealpha($width, $height)
{
// Create a normal image and apply required settings
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($width, $height);
imagealphablending($img, false);
imagesavealpha($img, true);

// Apply the transparent background
$trans = imagecolorallocatealpha($img, 0, 0, 0, 127);
for (
$x = 0; $x < $width; $x++)
{
for (
$y = 0; $y < $height; $y++)
{
imagesetpixel($img, $x, $y, $trans);
}
}

return
$img;
}

// Here's an example of how to use it
imagepng(imageskewantialiased(imagecreatefrompng('test.png'), 0.15), 'skew.png');
?>
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0
matrebatre
15 years ago
I had the same problem as Jeff, but his solution didn't work for me. I made this script, and it seems to work:

<?php

$img
= imagecreatefromgif('in.gif');
$w = imagesx($img);
$h = imagesy($img);

$trans = imagecolortransparent($img);
if(
$trans >= 0) {

$rgb = imagecolorsforindex($img, $trans);

$oldimg = $img;
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($w,$h);
$color = imagecolorallocate($img,$rgb['red'],$rgb['green'],$rgb['blue']);
imagefilledrectangle($img,0,0,$w,$h,$color);
imagecopy($img,$oldimg,0,0,0,0,$w,$h);

}

imagegif($img,'out.gif');

?>
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0
designerkamal at gmail dot com
17 years ago
Skewing images in PHP...
<?php
function Skew($src, $dest, $skew_val)
{
$imgsrc = imagecreatefromgif($src);
$width = imagesx($imgsrc);
$height = imagesy($imgsrc);
$imgdest = imagecreatetruecolor($width, $height+($height*$skew_val));
$trans = imagecolorallocate($imgdest,0,0,0);
$temp=0;
for(
$x=0 ; $x<$width ; $x++)
{
for(
$y=0 ; $y<$height ; $y++)
{
imagecopy($imgdest, $imgsrc, $x, $y+$temp, $x, $y, 1, 1);
imagecolortransparent($imgdest,$trans);

}
$temp+=$skew_val;
}
imagepng($imgdest, $dest);
imagedestroy($imgsrc);
imagedestroy($imgdest);
}
Skew("img.gif", "img2.png","1");
print
"<img src='img.gif'>";
print
"<br><br>";
print
"<img src='img2.png'>";
?>
up
-2
Cory Gagliardi
15 years ago
Here is some simple code for resizing an uploaded image and inserting a watermark (from a 24-bit PNG) on the bottom right of it. In this case, the water mark was a diagnol band that said "SOLD" across it. The code that verifies the uploaded image is the correct type has been omitted:

<?PHP
//Load and resize the image
$uploaded = imagecreatefromjpeg($_FILES['file']['tmp_name']);
$image = imagecreatetruecolor(IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT);
imagecopyresampled($image, $uploaded, 0, 0, 0, 0, IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, imagesx($uploaded), imagesy($uploaded));
imagealphablending($image,true); //allows us to apply a 24-bit watermark over $image

//Load the sold watermark
$sold_band = imagecreatefrompng('../images/sold_band.png');
imagealphablending($sold_band,true);

//Apply watermark and save
$image = image_overlap($image, $sold_band);
imagecopy($image,$sold_band,IMAGE_WIDTH - SOLD_WIDTH,IMAGE_HEIGHT - SOLD_HEIGHT,0,0,SOLD_WIDTH,SOLD_HEIGHT);
$success = imagejpeg($image,'../images/sold/'.$id.'.jpg',85);

imagedestroy($image);
imagedestroy($uploaded);
imagedestroy($sold_band);
?>
up
-2
admin at cvxdes dot com
17 years ago
I used this to watermark images. This is the function I wrote:

<?php
function watermark($url,$logo){
$bwidth = imagesx($url);
$bheight = imagesy($url);
$lwidth = imagesx($logo);
$lheight = imagesy($logo);
$src_x = $bwidth - ($lwidth + 5);
$src_y = $bheight - ($lheight + 5);
ImageAlphaBlending($url, true);
ImageCopy($url,$logo,$src_x,$src_y,0,0,$lwidth,$lheight);
}
?>

Usage:
<?php
//$current_image would be your image the watermark is overlayed onto. Make sure it's imagecreatefrom*** to work.
watermark($current_image,$watermark_image);
?>

Hope this helps someone.
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