TAF is an Oracle Database feature that provides high availability. It enables PHP OCI8 applications to automatically reconnect to a preconfigured database when database connectivity fails due to instance or network failure.
In a configured Oracle Database system, TAF occurs when the PHP application detects that the database instance is down or unreachable. It establishes a connection to another node in an Oracle » RAC configuration, a hot standby database, or the same database instance itself. See » Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about OCI TAF.
An application callback can be registered with oci_register_taf_callback(). During failover, normal application processing stops and the registered callback is invoked. The callback notifies the application of the failover events. If the failover succeeds, normal processing will be resumed. If the failover aborts, any following database operations in the application will fail due to no connection being available.
When a connection fails over to another database, the callback can reset any necessary connection state, for example replaying any necessary ALTER SESSION commands if the database service did not have -failover_restore enabled.
An application callback can be removed by calling oci_unregister_taf_callback().
TAF can be configured on the PHP OCI8 side or in the database configuration. If both are configured, database-side settings take precedence.
Configure TAF in PHP OCI8 (the client side) by including the FAILOVER_MODE parameter in the CONNECT_DATA portion of a connect descriptor. See Configuring Transparent Application Failover in » Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for more information about client side configuration of TAF.
An example tnsnames.ora to configure TAF reconnecting to the same database instance:
ORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 127.0.0.1)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = orclpdb1)
(FAILOVER_MODE =
(TYPE = SELECT)
(METHOD = BASIC)
(RETRIES = 20)
(DELAY = 15))))
Alternatively configure TAF on the database side by modifying the target service with » srvctl (for RAC) or the » DBMS_SERVICE.MODIFY_SERVICE packaged procedure (for single instance databases).
A TAF callback is an application function that can be registered to be called during failover. It is called several times while re-establishing the application's connection.
Callback first occurs when a loss of connection is detected. This allows the application to act accordingly for the upcoming delay of the failover. If the failover is successful, the callback is invoked after connection is re-established and usable. At this time, the application can resynchronize session settings and take actions such as informing the user that failover occurred. If failover is unsuccessful, a callback occurs to inform the application that a failover did not take place and the connection is unusable.
The interface of a TAF user-defined callback function is as follows:
$connection, int $event, int $type): int
connectionThe Oracle connection on which the TAF callback was registered via oci_register_taf_callback(). The connection is not valid until the failover completes successfully.
eventThe failover event indicates the current status of the failover.
OCI_FO_BEGIN indicates that
failover has detected a lost connection and failover
is starting.
OCI_FO_END indicates successful
completion of failover.
OCI_FO_ABORT indicates that
failover was unsuccessful, and there is no option
of retrying.
OCI_FO_ERROR also indicates
that failover was unsuccessful, but it gives the
application the opportunity to handle the error
and return OCI_FO_RETRY to retry failover.
OCI_FO_REAUTH indicates
that an Oracle user has been re-authenticated.
typeThe failover type. This lets the callback know what type of failover the application has requested. The usual values are as follows:
OCI_FO_SESSION indicates that
the user has requested only session failover. For
example, if a user's connection is lost, then a
new session is automatically created for the user
on the backup. This type of failover does not
attempt to recover SELECTs.
OCI_FO_SELECT indicates that
the user has requested SELECT failover as well.
It allows users with open cursors to continue
fetching from them after failure.
return value
0 indicates the failover
steps should continue normally.
OCI_FO_RETRY indicates that
the failover should be attempted again by Oracle.
In case of an error while failing over to a new
connection, TAF is able to retry the failover.
Typically, the application code should sleep for
a while before returning OCI_FO_RETRY.
The following example registers a TAF callback
<?php
// Define userspace callback
class MyClass {
public static $retry_count;
public static function TAFCallback($conn, $event, $type)
{
switch ($event) {
case OCI_FO_BEGIN:
printf(" Failing Over ... Please stand by\n");
printf(" Failover type was found to be %s \n",
(($type==OCI_FO_SESSION) ? "SESSION"
:(($type==OCI_FO_SELECT) ? "SELECT" : "UNKNOWN!")));
self::$retry_count = 0;
break;
case OCI_FO_ABORT:
// The application cannot continue using the database
printf(" Failover aborted. Failover will not take place.\n");
break;
case OCI_FO_END:
// Failover completes successfully. Inform users a failover occurs.
printf(" Failover ended ... resuming services\n");
break;
case OCI_FO_REAUTH:
printf(" Failed over user ... resuming services\n");
// Replay any ALTER SESSION commands associated with this connection
// eg. oci_parse($conn, ‘ALTER SESSION …’) ;
break;
case OCI_FO_ERROR:
// Stop retrying if we have already attempted for 20 times.
if (self::$retry_count >= 20)
return 0;
printf(" Failover error received. Sleeping...\n");
sleep(10);
self::$retry_count++;
return OCI_FO_RETRY; // retry failover
break;
default:
printf("Bad Failover Event: %d.\n", $event);
break;
}
return 0;
}
}
$fn_name = 'MyClass::TAFCallback';
$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'orcl');
$sysconn = oci_connect('system', 'oracle', 'orcl');
// Use a privileged connection to construct a SQL statement that will initiate failover
$sql = <<< 'END'
select unique 'alter system disconnect session '''||sid||','||serial#||''''
from v$session_connect_info
where sid = sys_context('USERENV', 'SID')
END;
$s = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_execute($s);
$r = oci_fetch_array($s);
$disconnectssql = $r[0];
oci_register_taf_callback($conn, $fn_name); // Register TAFCallback to Oracle TAF
print("Parsing user query\n");
$sql = "select systimestamp from dual";
$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
// For example, if a connection loss occurs at this point, oci_execute() will
// detect the loss and failover begins. During failover, oci_execute() will
// invoke the TAF callback function several times. If the failover is successful,
// a new connection is transparently created and oci_execute() will continue as
// usual. The connection session settings can be reset in the TAF callback
// function. If the failover is aborted, oci_execute() will return an error
// because a valid connection is not available.
// Disconnect the user, which initiates failover
print("Disconnecting the user\n");
$discsql = oci_parse($sysconn, $disconnectssql);
oci_execute($discsql);
print("Executing user query\n");
$e = oci_execute($stmt);
if (!$e) {
$m = oci_error($stmt);
trigger_error("Could not execute statement: ". $m['message'], E_USER_ERROR);
}
$row = oci_fetch_array($stmt);
print($row[0] . "\n");
// do other SQL statements with the new connection, if it is valid
// $stmt = oci_parse($conn, . . .);
?>